Overview
Lumbar fusion stabilizes the spine by joining vertebrae.

Indications
Instability, spondylolisthesis, or severe degenerative disc disease.

How it is done
Bone graft and hardware fuse the affected levels.

Risks and considerations
Nonunion, adjacent segment disease, or infection.

Recovery timeline
Recovery over months; activity restrictions for 3 to 6 months.

When to seek care
New weakness, fever, or wound issues require evaluation.